Crystalline polymorphs of the free base of 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are crystalline free base ansolvate forms of 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (or Compound 1), such as the free base Form I, Form II and Material N. Also disclosed are crystalline free base solvates of 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (or Compound 1).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/937,393 filed Feb. 7, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/937,404 filed Feb. 7, 2014, the contents of each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference

BACKGROUND

2-Hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde is a compound having the formula:

Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the red blood cells, found particularly among those of African and Mediterranean descent. The basis for sickle cell disease is found in sickle hemoglobin (HbS), which contains a point mutation relative to the prevalent peptide sequence of hemoglobin (Hb).

Hemoglobin (Hb) transports oxygen molecules from the lungs to various tissues and organs throughout the body. Hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen through conformational changes. Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) contains a point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced with valine, allowing HbS to become susceptible to polymerization to give the HbS containing red blood cells their characteristic sickle shape. The sickled cells are also more rigid than normal red blood cells, and their lack of flexibility can lead to blockage of blood vessels. A need exists for therapeutics that can treat disorders that are mediated by Hb or by abnormal Hb such as HbS, such as 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde.

When used for treating humans, it is important that a crystalline form of a therapeutic agent, like 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde, or a salt thereof, retains its polymorphic and chemical stability, solubility, and other physicochemical properties over time and among various manufactured batches of the agent. If the physicochemical properties vary with time and among batches, the administration of a therapeutically effective dose becomes problematic and may lead to toxic side effects or to ineffective therapy, particularly if a given polymorph decomposes prior to use, to a less active, inactive, or toxic compound. Therefore, it is important to choose a form of the crystalline agent that is stable, is manufactured reproducibly, and has physicochemical properties favorable for its use as a therapeutic agent.

However, the art remains unable to predict which crystalline form of an agent will have a combination of the desired properties and will be suitable for human administration, and how to make the agent in such a crystalline form.

SUMMARY Ansolvates

This invention arises in part out the discovery that an HCl salt of Compound 1 disproportionates or loses HCl, and a disproportionation of the HCl salt of Compound 1 in water generates the free base and disproportionation was facile upon exposure to elevated humidity, with wet milling, and in direct contact with water (e.g. slurry). The sulfate salt of Compound 1 also disproportionates from certain solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol when precipitated with water. The volatilization of HCl was evident within hours of exposure to drying conditions. For example, partial conversion to the free base was observed within 12 hours at 30° C. Accordingly, the free base of Compound 1 provides a stabler chemical entity compared to the corresponding HCl or sulfate and such other salt.

It has now been discovered that 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (or Compound 1) i.e., the free base of Compound 1, can be obtained as one or more crystalline ansolvate forms, several of which are referred to here as crystalline Form I, Form II and Material N. In preferred embodiments, the free base of Compound 1 is a crystalline ansolvate, such as a crystalline anhydrous form. The free base of Compound 1, can be obtained from its corresponding salt form, such as the HCl salt of Compound 1.

Three anhydrous crystalline forms of the free base were identified, termed Free Base Forms I, II, and Material N. It has been discovered that nucleation of Free Base Form I generally occurs first from a slurry. Extending the slurry time can induce the transformation of Free Base Form I to Free Base Form II, a thermodynamically more stable phase relative to Form I. It has further been discovered that Free Base Material N can be stable relative to Forms I and II, at room temperature.

Free Base Material N was found to be enantiotropically related to Form II, and will transform reversibly at a specific transition temperature (estimated herein near 40-42° C.). Above the transition temperature, Free Base Form II appears to be the most stable form, relative to Form I and Material N. Thus, under operating temperatures below 40° C., e.g., at 30° C., the free base of Compound 1 exists primarily as Material N, which may have some residual Form II. Thus, at operating temperatures above 40° C., e.g., at 50° C., the free base of Compound 1 exists primarily as Form II, which may have some residual Material N. At 40° C. little appreciable conversion is seen between Material N and Form II. This is contemplated to be true for slurries of the free base in certain solvents and in the solid state. In one embodiment, the one or more crystalline free base forms of Compound 1 do not undergo polymorphic transformation under conditions suitable for manufacturing and storing the crystalline forms.

Form I

In one embodiment, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprises crystalline Form I, which is characterized by an endothermic peak at (97±2) C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. In another embodiment, the crystalline Form I of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by the substantial absence of thermal events at temperatures below the endothermic peak at (97±2)° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. In another embodiment, the crystalline Form I of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation at one or more of 12.82°, 15.74°, 16.03°, 16.63°, 17.60°, 25.14°, 25.82° and 26.44°±0.2°2θ. In another embodiment, the crystalline Form I of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (Cu Kα radiation) substantially similar to that of FIG. 3 .

In another embodiment, the crystalline Form I of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 12.82°, 15.74°, 16.03°, 16.63°, 17.60°, 25.14°, 25.82° and 26.44° (each ±0.2°2θ). In another embodiment, the crystalline Form I of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least two X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 12.82°, 15.74°, 16.03°, 16.63°, 17.60°, 25.14°, 25.82° and 26.44° (each ±0.2°2θ). In another embodiment, the crystalline Form I of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least three X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 12.82°, 15.74°, 16.03°, 16.63°, 17.60°, 25.14°, 25.82° and 26.44° (each ±0.2°2θ).

In another embodiment, Form I is characterized by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more peaks as tabulated below.

Observed Peaks for Form I, XRPD File 609973.

°2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  5.52 ± 0.20 16.021 ± 0.602  68 12.82 ± 0.20 6.906 ± 0.109 74 15.03 ± 0.20 5.897 ± 0.079 38 15.74 ± 0.20 5.629 ± 0.072 46 16.03 ± 0.20 5.530 ± 0.069 46 16.63 ± 0.20 5.331 ± 0.064 61 17.60 ± 0.20 5.040 ± 0.057 100 18.74 ± 0.20 4.736 ± 0.051 24 19.07 ± 0.20 4.654 ± 0.049 17 19.35 ± 0.20 4.587 ± 0.047 23 20.32 ± 0.20 4.370 ± 0.043 18 21.64 ± 0.20 4.106 ± 0.038 23 22.80 ± 0.20 3.901 ± 0.034 26 23.28 ± 0.20 3.821 ± 0.033 34 25.14 ± 0.20 3.543 ± 0.028 52 25.82 ± 0.20 3.451 ± 0.026 81 26.44 ± 0.20 3.371 ± 0.025 51 27.91 ± 0.20 3.197 ± 0.023 17 28.19 ± 0.20 3.165 ± 0.022 26

Form II

In another embodiment, the crystalline Compound 1 free base comprises crystalline Form II, which is characterized by an endothermic peak at (97±2) C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. In another embodiment, the crystalline Form II of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by the substantial absence of thermal events at temperatures below the endothermic peak at (97±2)° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. In another embodiment, the crystalline Form II of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation at one or more of 13.37°, 14.37°, 19.95° or 23.92°2θ. In another embodiment, the crystalline Form II of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (Cu Kα radiation) substantially similar to that of FIG. 5 .

In another embodiment, the crystalline Form II of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 13.37°, 14.37°, 19.95° and 23.92°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ). In another embodiment, the crystalline Form II of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least two X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 13.37°, 14.37°, 19.95° and 23.92°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ). In another embodiment, the crystalline Form II of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least three X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 13.37°, 14.37°, 19.95° and 23.92°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ).

In another embodiment, Form II is characterized by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more peaks as tabulated below.

Observed Peaks for Form II, XRPD File 613881.

°2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  5.62 ± 0.20 15.735 ± 0.581  24 12.85 ± 0.20 6.888 ± 0.108 22 12.97 ± 0.20 6.826 ± 0.106 21 13.37 ± 0.20 6.622 ± 0.100 100 14.37 ± 0.20 6.162 ± 0.087 56 15.31 ± 0.20 5.788 ± 0.076 21 16.09 ± 0.20 5.507 ± 0.069 23 16.45 ± 0.20 5.390 ± 0.066 69 16.75 ± 0.20 5.294 ± 0.064 32 16.96 ± 0.20 5.227 ± 0.062 53 19.95 ± 0.20 4.450 ± 0.045 39 20.22 ± 0.20 4.391 ± 0.043 20 23.18 ± 0.20 3.837 ± 0.033 38 23.92 ± 0.20 3.721 ± 0.031 41 24.40 ± 0.20 3.648 ± 0.030 44 24.73 ± 0.20 3.600 ± 0.029 22 24.99 ± 0.20 3.564 ± 0.028 50 25.12 ± 0.20 3.545 ± 0.028 28 25.39 ± 0.20 3.509 ± 0.027 51 25.70 ± 0.20 3.466 ± 0.027 21 26.19 ± 0.20 3.403 ± 0.026 27 26.72 ± 0.20 3.336 ± 0.025 30 27.02 ± 0.20 3.300 ± 0.024 25 27.34 ± 0.20 3.262 ± 0.024 23 28.44 ± 0.20 3.138 ± 0.022 20

In some embodiments, the free base of crystalline Compound 1 comprises the crystalline Form II. In some preferred embodiments, the free base of crystalline Compound 1 comprises the crystalline Form II and less than 25 mole %, 10 mole % or 5 mole % of crystalline Form I, crystalline Material N or amorphous forms of Compound 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the crystalline Form II is prepared from a slurry comprising the free base of Compound 1 in heptane, from which the crystalline Form II is formed and filtered. Thus, in some embodiments, the crystalline Form II comprises residual (1-500 ppm) heptane. In another preferred embodiment, the crystalline Form II is prepared from a slurry comprising the free base of Compound 1 in water, from which the crystalline Form II is formed and filtered.

There are several advantages of crystalline Form II relative to crystalline Form I or Material N. For example, the crystalline Form II can be prepared from a slurry comprising the free base of Compound 1 in heptane, which is suitable for good manufacturing practices (GMP) protocols. Further, in a most preferred embodiment, the crystalline Form II can be prepared from a slurry comprising the free base of Compound 1 in water or the HCl salt of Compound 1 in water, thus reducing or eliminating the need for solvent during recrystallization. Thus, in some embodiments, crystalline Form II of Compound 1 comprises less than 500 ppm, 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm or less than 10 ppm organic solvent. Also, Form II has less of a propensity than Material N to agglomerate upon size reduction, e.g., upon milling. As such, Form II has greater flowability than Material N. Certain illustrative and non-limiting advantages of Form II over Material N (i.e., Form N) are shown in the table below.

DATA/EXPERIMENT RESULTS/STATUS Identify suitable solvent Form N: for scale-up Limited number of suitable solvents compared to Form II MTBE identified (suitable for GMP; Class III solvent) Scale-up results look good Form II: More solvent options than Form N, including H₂O Current solvent is heptane (suitable for GMP; Class III solvent) produced on 5 kg scale Formation time faster than N (could translate to 2-3 day saving in production time) Better recovery than N Size/Morphology of N Acicular morphology observed for form N; material and II composed of small and large particles Agglomerates are an issue for Form N relative to Form II (less agglomeration seen with energy-reduced method) PK Comparison of N and Oral administrations of GBT440 Forms N and II to rats II resulted in comparable exposure at 100 & 500 mg/kg

Material N

In another embodiment, the crystalline Compound 1 free base comprises crystalline Material N, which is characterized by an endothermic peak at (95±2) C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The terms “Material N”, “form N” and “polymorphic form N” are used interchangeably herein. In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by the substantial absence of thermal events at temperatures below the endothermic peak at (95±2)° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation at one or more of 11.65°, 11.85°, 12.08°, 16.70°, 19.65° or 23.48°2θ. In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (Cu Kα radiation) substantially similar to that of FIG. 7 .

In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 11.65°, 11.85°, 12.08°, 16.70°, 19.65° and 23.48°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ). In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least two X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 11.65°, 11.85°, 12.08°, 16.70°, 19.65° and 23.48°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ). In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N of the free base of crystalline Compound 1 is characterized by at least three X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 11.65°, 11.85°, 12.08°, 16.70°, 19.65° and 23.48°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ).

In another embodiment, Material N is characterized by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more peaks as tabulated below.

Observed Peaks for Material N, XRPD File 615765.

°2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  5.55 ± 0.20 15.924 ± 0.595  54 11.65 ± 0.20 7.597 ± 0.132 31 11.85 ± 0.20 7.468 ± 0.128 50 12.08 ± 0.20 7.324 ± 0.123 31 12.67 ± 0.20 6.987 ± 0.112 29 13.12 ± 0.20 6.748 ± 0.104 83 14.94 ± 0.20 5.929 ± 0.080 34 15.19 ± 0.20 5.832 ± 0.077 56 15.76 ± 0.20 5.623 ± 0.072 20 16.70 ± 0.20 5.310 ± 0.064 100 17.35 ± 0.20 5.112 ± 0.059 52 19.65 ± 0.20 4.517 ± 0.046 60 23.48 ± 0.20 3.789 ± 0.032 72 23.68 ± 0.20 3.757 ± 0.032 29 25.25 ± 0.20 3.527 ± 0.028 20 25.47 ± 0.20 3.497 ± 0.027 20 25.70 ± 0.20 3.466 ± 0.027 85 26.04 ± 0.20 3.422 ± 0.026 35 26.37 ± 0.20 3.380 ± 0.025 55

In some embodiments, the free base of crystalline Compound 1 comprises the crystalline Material N and less than 25 mole %, 10 mole % or 5 mole % of crystalline Forms I or II or amorphous forms of Compound 1.

In another embodiment, the crystalline Material N is prepared from a slurry comprising the free base of Compound 1 in methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), from which the crystalline—Material N is formed and filtered. Thus, in some embodiments, the crystalline Material N comprises residual (1-500 ppm) MTBE.

There are several advantages of crystalline Material N relative to crystalline Forms I or II. For example, the crystalline Material N can be prepared from a slurry comprising the free base of Compound 1 in MTBE, which is suitable for good manufacturing practices (GMP) protocols.

In some embodiments, the crystalline ansolvate forms are stable to contact with water, heptane, iso propyl ether (IPE), MTBE, and toluene, and such other solvents.

In another of its composition embodiments, this invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a crystalline Compound 1 free base, comprising one or more of Form I, Form II or Material N.

In one of its method embodiments, this invention provides a method of preparing the solid crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprising, e.g., Form I, Form II and/or Material N.

In yet another of its method embodiments, there are provided methods for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline free base of Compound 1, comprising, e.g., Form I, Form II and/or Material N.

In yet another of its method embodiments, there are provided methods for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline free base of Compound 1, comprising, e.g., Form I, Form II and/or Material N.

In all of such treatments, the effective amount of free base of Compound 1, comprising e.g., Form I, Form II and/or Material N to the treated patient is already disclosed in the art.

Solvates

This invention arises in part out of the discovery that ansolvate polymorphs of the free base of Compound 1 form solvate polymorphs with a variety of solvents, preferably other than certain hydrocarbon solvents, water and ethers.

Solvates of the crystalline free base of Compound 1 (e.g., from acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, dioxane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and tetrahydrofuran) are also contemplated to be used e.g., as intermediates to regenerate the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1. Such methods can include, without limitation, subjecting the solvate to vacuum conditions; and/or generating a salt and disproportionating it in water to form the ansolvate; and/or slurrying or washing the solvate with a solvent less prone to solvate formation such as heptane, di-isopropyl ether (IPE), tert-methyl butyl ether (MTBE) and toluene.

In another of its composition embodiments, this invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and one or more of the solvated crystal forms provided herein.

In one of its method embodiments, this invention provides a method of preparing the solvated crystal forms provided herein.

In yet another of its method embodiments, there are provided methods for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the solvated crystal forms provided herein.

In yet another of its method embodiments, there are provided methods for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the solvated crystal forms provided herein.

In all of such treatments, the effective amount of the free base of Compound 1, to the treated patient is already disclosed in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a XRPD profile of the crystalline HCl salt before (top) and after (bottom) 5 minutes slurried in water.

FIG. 2 is a XRPD profile of the free base Form I (top), Form II (middle), and Material N (bottom).

FIG. 3 is a XRPD profile and contemplated indexing for free base Form I.

FIG. 4 is a thermal characterization for free base Form I.

FIG. 5 is a XRPD profile and contemplated indexing for free base Form II.

FIG. 6 is a thermal characterization for free base Form II.

FIG. 7 is a XRPD profile for free base Material N.

FIG. 8 is a thermal characterization for free base Material N.

FIG. 9 depicts an Energy-Temperature Diagram between the Free Base Forms I, II, and Material N. The enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) isobars for each form are depicted as a function of temperature. ΔH_(f) is the heat of fusion; T is transition temperature; m is melt temperature; superscripts I, II, and N refer to the polymorphs. *Under the test conditions, not enough information was available to graphically represent the free energy isobar of Form I below 6° C. and above the estimated transition temperature T^(N-II); the isobar likely intersects G_(L) at a temperature below m^(II), allowing the possibility that Form I may be enantiotropic with Form II (where T^(I-II) occurs below 6° C.) and/or Material N (where either T^(I-N) occurs below T^(I-II) or T^(N-I) occurs above T^(N-II), but not both). Free energy isobars can only intersect each other once.

FIG. 10 depicts ¹³C Solid State NMR spectra for Free Base Forms I (bottom), II (middle), and Material N (top). Form I contains one molecule per asymmetric unit. Material N contains four molecules per asymmetric unit. As observed by ¹³C Solid State NMR spectra, Forms II and N did not undergo a transition over 250 K to 340 K. Chemical shifts change slightly with temperature (not illustrated graphically).

FIG. 11 depicts ¹⁵N Solid State NMR spectra for Free Base Forms I (bottom), II (middle), and Material N (top).

FIG. 12 depicts a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve for Free Base Material N.

FIG. 13 depicts a DSC curve for Free Base Form II.

FIG. 14 depicts a DSC curve for Free Base Form I.

FIG. 15 depicts a XRPD profile of maturation experiments for the free base of Compound 1 at multiple temperatures.

FIG. 16 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material E.

FIG. 17 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material F.

FIG. 18 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material G.

FIG. 19 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material H.

FIG. 20 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material J.

FIG. 21 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material K.

FIG. 22 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material L.

FIG. 23 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material M.

FIG. 24 depicts a contemplated XRPD profile for solvated Material O.

FIG. 25 depicts an XRPD profile comparison of contemplated isostructural solvates of the free base of Compound 1. From top to bottom: Material E from acetone; Material F from ACN; Material G from DCM; Material H from dioxane; Material J from EtOH; Material K from IPA/water (also obtained from IPA); and Material L from THF, Material M from MEK.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As noted above, this invention is directed, in part, to a stable free base of Compound 1 and, in particular, the free base Form I, Form II or Material N. However, prior to discussing this invention in further detail, the following terms will be defined.

Definitions

As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” and the like include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a compound” includes both a single compound and a plurality of different compounds.

The term “about” when used before a numerical designation, e.g., temperature, time, amount, and concentration, including a range, indicates approximations which may vary by ±10%, ±5% or ±1%.

“Administration” refers to introducing an agent into a patient. A therapeutic amount can be administered, which can be determined by the treating physician or the like. An oral route of administration is preferred. The related terms and phrases administering” and “administration of”, when used in connection with a compound or pharmaceutical composition (and grammatical equivalents) refer both to direct administration, which may be administration to a patient by a medical professional or by self-administration by the patient, and/or to indirect administration, which may be the act of prescribing a drug. For example, a physician who instructs a patient to self-administer a drug and/or provides a patient with a prescription for a drug is administering the drug to the patient. In any event, administration entails delivery to the patient of the drug.

The “crystalline ansolvate” of Compound 1 is a crystalline solid form of the free base of 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde, such as, e.g., crystalline Form I, Form II or Material N as disclosed herein. Each of the Form I, Form II or Material N crystal lattices is substantially free of solvents of crystallization. However, any solvent present is not included in the crystal lattice and is randomly distributed outside the crystal lattice. Therefore, Form I, Form II or Material N crystals in bulk may contain, outside the crystal lattice, small amounts of one or more solvents, such as the solvents used in its synthesis or crystallization. As used above, “substantially free of” and “small amounts,” refers to the presence of solvents preferably less that 10,000 parts per million (ppm), or more preferably, less than 500 ppm.

The “crystalline solvate” of Compound 1 is a crystalline solid form of the free base of 2-hydroxy-6-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde, where the crystal lattices comprises one or more solvents of crystallization.

“Characterization” refers to obtaining data which may be used to identify a solid form of a compound, for example, to identify whether the solid form is amorphous or crystalline and whether it is unsolvated or solvated. The process by which solid forms are characterized involves analyzing data collected on the polymorphic forms so as to allow one of ordinary skill in the art to distinguish one solid form from other solid forms containing the same material. Chemical identity of solid forms can often be determined with solution-state techniques such as ¹³C NMR or ¹H NMR. While these may help identify a material, and a solvent molecule for a solvate, such solution-state techniques themselves may not provide information about the solid state. There are, however, solid-state analytical techniques that can be used to provide information about solid-state structure and differentiate among polymorphic solid forms, such as single crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS-NMR), and infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and thermal techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Solid state ¹³C-NMR, thermogravimetry (TG), melting point, and hot stage microscopy.

To “characterize” a solid form of a compound, one may, for example, collect XRPD data on solid forms of the compound and compare the XRPD peaks of the forms. For example, when only three solid forms, e.g., Forms I and II and Material N, are compared and the Form I pattern shows a peak at an angle where no peaks appear in the Form II or Material N pattern, then that peak, for that compound, distinguishes Form I from Form II and Material N and further acts to characterize Form I. The collection of peaks which distinguish e.g., Form I from the other known forms is a collection of peaks which may be used to characterize Form I. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that there are often multiple ways, including multiple ways using the same analytical technique, to characterize solid forms. Additional peaks could also be used, but are not necessary, to characterize the form up to and including an entire diffraction pattern. Although all the peaks within an entire XRPD pattern may be used to characterize such a form, a subset of that data may, and typically is, used to characterize the form.

An XRPD pattern is an x-y graph with diffraction angle (typically °2θ) on the x-axis and intensity on the y-axis. The peaks within this pattern may be used to characterize a crystalline solid form. As with any data measurement, there is variability in XRPD data. The data are often represented solely by the diffraction angle of the peaks rather than including the intensity of the peaks because peak intensity can be particularly sensitive to sample preparation (for example, particle size, moisture content, solvent content, and preferred orientation effects influence the sensitivity), so samples of the same material prepared under different conditions may yield slightly different patterns; this variability is usually greater than the variability in diffraction angles. Diffraction angle variability may also be sensitive to sample preparation. Other sources of variability come from instrument parameters and processing of the raw X-ray data: different X-ray instruments operate using different parameters and these may lead to slightly different XRPD patterns from the same solid form, and similarly different software packages process X-ray data differently and this also leads to variability. These and other sources of variability are known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. Due to such sources of variability, it is usual to assign a variability of ±0.2° 2θ to diffraction angles in XRPD patterns.

“Comprising” or “comprises” is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not exclude others. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the combination for the stated purpose. Thus, a composition consisting essentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude other materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. “Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.

Form II and Material N are enantiotropic at a transition temperature (of approximately 42° C.). Below this transition temperature, Material N of the free base of Compound 1 is the thermodynamically more stable form relative to Forms I and II. Above this transition temperature, Form II of the free base of Compound 1 is the thermodynamically more stable form relative to Form I and Material N.

“Room temperature” refers to (22±5)° C.

“Therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutic amount” refers to an amount of a drug or an agent that when administered to a patient suffering from a condition, will have the intended therapeutic effect, e.g., alleviation, amelioration, palliation or elimination of one or more manifestations of the condition in the patient. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the subject and the condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the condition, the particular composition or excipient chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, timing of administration, the manner of administration and the like, all of which can be determined readily by one of ordinary skill in the art. The full therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. For example, and without limitation, a therapeutically effective amount of an agent, in the context of treating disorders related to hemoglobin S, refers to an amount of the agent that alleviates, ameliorates, palliates, or eliminates one or more manifestations of the disorders related to hemoglobin S in the patient.

“Treatment”, “treating”, and “treat” are defined as acting upon a disease, disorder, or condition with an agent to reduce or ameliorate the harmful or any other undesired effects of the disease, disorder, or condition and/or its symptoms. Treatment, as used herein, covers the treatment of a human patient, and includes: (a) reducing the risk of occurrence of the condition in a patient determined to be predisposed to the disease but not yet diagnosed as having the condition, (b) impeding the development of the condition, and/or (c) relieving the condition, i.e., causing regression of the condition and/or relieving one or more symptoms of the condition. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, multilineage hematologic improvement, decrease in the number of required blood transfusions, decrease in infections, decreased bleeding, and the like.

Identifying Forms I, II and Material N

When the HCl salt of Compound 1 was subjected to various stress conditions, disproportionation of the HCl salt in water was observed to generate the free base. At least three anhydrous crystalline forms of the free base were identified, termed Free Base Forms I, II, and Material N. It was discovered that nucleation of Free Base Form I generally occurs first and that extending the slurry time induces the transformation of Free Base Form I to Free Base Form II, a more thermodynamically stable phase relative to Form I. It was further discovered that Free Base Material N appears to be most stable form, relative to Forms I and II, at room temperature. Free Base Material N was found to be enantiotropically active relative to Form II, and will transform reversibly at a specific transition temperature (estimated herein near 42° C.). Above the transition temperature, Free Base Form II appears to be the most stable form, relative to Form I and Material N.

Based in part on solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance data, all three forms are crystalline and are distinct polymorphic forms. See FIGS. 10 and 11 . Form I contains one molecule per asymmetric unit, Form II contains two molecules per asymmetric unit and Form N contains four molecules per asymmetric unit. See the ¹⁵N spectra in FIG. 11 .

Ansolvates of Forms I, II and Material N

In one embodiment, this invention provides the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1. The free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 may include one or more of Form I, Form II and/or Material N polymorphs. In some embodiments, the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 may include the Form II polymorph. Preferably, the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 may include Form II and/or Material N polymorphs. More preferably, the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 may include the Material N polymorph. Yet more preferably, the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 is substantially free of a solvated polymorph of Compound 1 free base. Further yet more preferably, the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 is substantially free of other ansolvate polymorphs of Compound 1 free base. “Substantially free” of a component as used herein refers to contain up to about 5%, more preferably about 3%, and still more preferably about 1% of that component. As used herein, solvate includes a hydrate form as well.

Solvates of Compound 1

In one aspect, provided is a crystalline solvate of Compound 1:

In some embodiments, the crystalline solvate is substantially free of an ansolvated polymorph of Compound 1.

Many of the solubility and screen experiments with the free base of Compound 1 resulted in precipitation of solids characterized as solvate formation with some solvents. Under the conditions, solvates were not observed from the free base of Compound 1 with four solvents, including heptane, di-isopropyl ether (IPE), tert-methyl butyl ether (MTBE) and toluene. Solvates were observed from the free base of Compound 1 in nine solvents including acetone (Material E), acetonitrile (Material F), dichloromethane (Material G), dioxane (Material H), ethanol (Material J), isopropyl alcohol or a mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol (Material K), tetrahydrofuran (Material L), methyl ethyl ketone “MEK” (Material M), ethyl acetate (Material O) and dimethyl sulfoxide “DMSO” (Material P). The majority of the solvates (i.e., Materials E-H, J-M, O and P are contemplated to be isostructural. In some embodiments, the crystalline solvate includes one or more of Material E, Material F, Material G, Material H, Material J, Material K, Material L, Material M, Material O or Material P.

Material E can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.69, 11.73, 12.10, 15.26, 16.11, 17.45, 22.39, 22.55 and 23.70±0.20. Material F can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.47, 8.81, 12.75, 13.17, 14.92, 15.63, 17.01 23.73, and 24.07±0.20. Material G can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.47, 11.45, 12.62, 14.66, 15.69, 17.01, 18.47, 20.32, 22.61, 23.08, 23.43 and 23.70±0.20. Material H can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.61, 11.67, 15.33, 16.28, 17.28, 22.58, 23.51 and 25.77±0.20. Material J can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.52, 8.88, 12.79, 15.04, 15.61, 17.11, 22.81, 23.87, 24.17, 24.62 and 26.44±0.20. Material K can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.52; 8.83, 11.35, 15.04, 15.74, 17.11, 23.46, 23.58, 24.08 and 25.99±0.20. Material L can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.61, 8.78, 11.67, 14.94, 15.28, 16.14, 17.30, 22.75, 23.71 and 26.05±0.20; and Material M can be characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 7.74, 10.05, 12.82, 15.33, 16.80, 20.82, 21.14, 25.80 and 26.97±0.20.

The solvates (such as, of acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, dioxane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, MEK, tetrahydrofuran or DMSO) could be used e.g., as intermediates to regenerate the free base crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1 by several methods including subjecting the solvate to vacuum conditions; and/or regenerating the HCl salt and disproportionating HCl; and/or washing the solvate with a solvent less prone to solvate formation such as heptane, di-isopropyl ether (IPE), tert-methyl butyl ether (MTBE) and toluene.

TABLE 1 Data Related to Solvates of the Free Base of Compound 1 Estimated Volume Crystallization Volume Number of Formula per Formula Unit* Indexing Identifier Solvent (Å³/Cell) Units per Cell (Å³) Result Material E acetone 968 2 484 FIG. 1 Material F ACN 947 2 473 FIG. 2 Material G DCM 959 2 480 FIG. 3 Material H dioxane 977 2 488 FIG. 4 Material J EtOH 943 2 472 FIG. 5 Material K IPA 963 2 481 FIG. 6 Material L THF 972 2 486 FIG. 7 Material M MEK 3956 8 494 FIG. 8 Material O EtOAc — — — FIG. 9 Material P** DMSO — — — — *The value is obtained by dividing the volume of the cell, derived from the tentative indexing solution, by the number of formula units within the cell. **Material P was observed as a mixture with a “sulfate form I”.

Certain contemplated peaks of the various solvates provided herein are tabulated below. Certain peaks, which are preferably non-overlapping, low-angle peaks, with strong intensity, were not identified. The peaks were determined to the extent that the state of preferred orientation in the samples were unknown.

TABLE 2 Observed peaks for Material E. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.41 ± 0.20 10.517 ± 0.256  13  8.69 ± 0.20 10.174 ± 0.239  100 11.73 ± 0.20 7.543 ± 0.130 17 12.10 ± 0.20 7.314 ± 0.122 20 13.00 ± 0.20 6.809 ± 0.106 15 14.02 ± 0.20 6.316 ± 0.091 5 14.77 ± 0.20 5.996 ± 0.082 16 15.26 ± 0.20 5.807 ± 0.077 34 15.81 ± 0.20 5.605 ± 0.071 7 16.11 ± 0.20 5.501 ± 0.069 20 16.48 ± 0.20 5.379 ± 0.066 11 16.65 ± 0.20 5.326 ± 0.064 11 16.88 ± 0.20 5.253 ± 0.063 3 17.26 ± 0.20 5.136 ± 0.060 9 17.45 ± 0.20 5.083 ± 0.058 32 20.02 ± 0.20 4.435 ± 0.044 2 20.92 ± 0.20 4.246 ± 0.041 13 21.91 ± 0.20 4.057 ± 0.037 20 22.39 ± 0.20 3.970 ± 0.035 49 22.55 ± 0.20 3.944 ± 0.035 37 22.81 ± 0.20 3.898 ± 0.034 16 23.36 ± 0.20 3.807 ± 0.032 12 23.70 ± 0.20 3.755 ± 0.032 61 24.37 ± 0.20 3.653 ± 0.030 12 24.85 ± 0.20 3.583 ± 0.029 5 25.42 ± 0.20 3.504 ± 0.027 2 25.89 ± 0.20 3.442 ± 0.026 8 26.19 ± 0.20 3.403 ± 0.026 40 26.97 ± 0.20 3.306 ± 0.024 3 27.61 ± 0.20 3.231 ± 0.023 16 28.24 ± 0.20 3.160 ± 0.022 2 28.48 ± 0.20 3.134 ± 0.022 5 28.69 ± 0.20 3.111 ± 0.021 7 29.83 ± 0.20 2.995 ± 0.020 4

TABLE 3 Observed peaks for Material F. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.47 ± 0.20 10.434 ± 0.252  100  8.81 ± 0.20 10.039 ± 0.233  49 11.42 ± 0.20 7.752 ± 0.138 15 12.75 ± 0.20 6.942 ± 0.110 27 13.17 ± 0.20 6.723 ± 0.103 21 13.87 ± 0.20 6.384 ± 0.093 7 14.61 ± 0.20 6.064 ± 0.084 13 14.92 ± 0.20 5.936 ± 0.080 43 15.51 ± 0.20 5.713 ± 0.074 24 15.63 ± 0.20 5.671 ± 0.073 43 15.96 ± 0.20 5.553 ± 0.070 15 17.01 ± 0.20 5.212 ± 0.062 31 17.26 ± 0.20 5.136 ± 0.060 4 17.70 ± 0.20 5.011 ± 0.057 9 18.17 ± 0.20 4.883 ± 0.054 4 18.79 ± 0.20 4.724 ± 0.050 10 19.35 ± 0.20 4.587 ± 0.047 4 19.49 ± 0.20 4.555 ± 0.047 3 20.02 ± 0.20 4.435 ± 0.044 4 20.29 ± 0.20 4.377 ± 0.043 9 21.06 ± 0.20 4.219 ± 0.040 11 21.33 ± 0.20 4.167 ± 0.039 4 22.71 ± 0.20 3.915 ± 0.034 27 23.11 ± 0.20 3.848 ± 0.033 15 23.73 ± 0.20 3.749 ± 0.031 42 24.07 ± 0.20 3.698 ± 0.031 59 24.65 ± 0.20 3.612 ± 0.029 87 24.95 ± 0.20 3.569 ± 0.028 6 25.20 ± 0.20 3.534 ± 0.028 5 25.69 ± 0.20 3.468 ± 0.027 15 26.52 ± 0.20 3.361 ± 0.025 61 26.79 ± 0.20 3.328 ± 0.025 10 27.02 ± 0.20 3.300 ± 0.024 9

TABLE 4 Observed peaks for Material G. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.47 ± 0.20 10.434 ± 0.252  45  8.76 ± 0.20 10.096 ± 0.235  12 11.45 ± 0.20 7.729 ± 0.137 76 12.62 ± 0.20 7.015 ± 0.113 36 13.09 ± 0.20 6.765 ± 0.105 10 13.87 ± 0.20 6.384 ± 0.093 5 14.66 ± 0.20 6.044 ± 0.083 39 14.92 ± 0.20 5.936 ± 0.080 26 15.33 ± 0.20 5.782 ± 0.076 7 15.69 ± 0.20 5.647 ± 0.072 88 16.01 ± 0.20 5.536 ± 0.070 8 16.76 ± 0.20 5.289 ± 0.063 15 17.01 ± 0.20 5.212 ± 0.062 29 17.50 ± 0.20 5.068 ± 0.058 5 17.60 ± 0.20 5.040 ± 0.057 4 18.13 ± 0.20 4.892 ± 0.054 5 18.47 ± 0.20 4.804 ± 0.052 21 19.55 ± 0.20 4.540 ± 0.046 4 20.01 ± 0.20 4.439 ± 0.044 5 20.32 ± 0.20 4.370 ± 0.043 20 21.11 ± 0.20 4.209 ± 0.040 15 22.61 ± 0.20 3.932 ± 0.035 42 22.88 ± 0.20 3.887 ± 0.034 9 23.08 ± 0.20 3.854 ± 0.033 28 23.43 ± 0.20 3.797 ± 0.032 56 23.70 ± 0.20 3.755 ± 0.032 48 24.12 ± 0.20 3.690 ± 0.030 13 24.42 ± 0.20 3.646 ± 0.030 100 25.05 ± 0.20 3.555 ± 0.028 7 25.40 ± 0.20 3.506 ± 0.027 26 26.36 ± 0.20 3.382 ± 0.025 50 26.57 ± 0.20 3.355 ± 0.025 7 26.82 ± 0.20 3.324 ± 0.025 27 27.07 ± 0.20 3.294 ± 0.024 10

TABLE 5 Observed peaks for Material H. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.61 ± 0.20 10.273 ± 0.244  48  8.81 ± 0.20 10.039 ± 0.233  20 11.67 ± 0.20 7.586 ± 0.132 32 12.10 ± 0.20 7.314 ± 0.122 11 12.79 ± 0.20 6.924 ± 0.110 9 14.56 ± 0.20 6.085 ± 0.084 4 14.87 ± 0.20 5.956 ± 0.081 22 15.33 ± 0.20 5.782 ± 0.076 42 15.76 ± 0.20 5.623 ± 0.072 18 16.28 ± 0.20 5.445 ± 0.067 51 16.73 ± 0.20 5.299 ± 0.064 9 17.28 ± 0.20 5.132 ± 0.060 61 17.68 ± 0.20 5.016 ± 0.057 3 20.47 ± 0.20 4.338 ± 0.042 12 21.38 ± 0.20 4.157 ± 0.039 7 21.83 ± 0.20 4.072 ± 0.037 4 22.23 ± 0.20 3.999 ± 0.036 9 22.58 ± 0.20 3.938 ± 0.035 100 22.95 ± 0.20 3.876 ± 0.034 6 23.11 ± 0.20 3.848 ± 0.033 14 23.51 ± 0.20 3.783 ± 0.032 88 24.37 ± 0.20 3.653 ± 0.030 13 24.65 ± 0.20 3.612 ± 0.029 10 25.77 ± 0.20 3.457 ± 0.027 41 26.67 ± 0.20 3.342 ± 0.025 7 26.97 ± 0.20 3.306 ± 0.024 5 27.66 ± 0.20 3.225 ± 0.023 3 28.11 ± 0.20 3.174 ± 0.022 4 28.61 ± 0.20 3.120 ± 0.022 6 28.96 ± 0.20 3.083 ± 0.021 4 29.23 ± 0.20 3.055 ± 0.021 3 29.63 ± 0.20 3.015 ± 0.020 3

TABLE 6 Observed peaks for Material J. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.52 ± 0.20 10.373 ± 0.249  100  8.88 ± 0.20 9.964 ± 0.229 39 11.33 ± 0.20 7.809 ± 0.140 22 12.79 ± 0.20 6.924 ± 0.110 25 13.12 ± 0.20 6.748 ± 0.104 24 13.94 ± 0.20 6.354 ± 0.092 4 14.47 ± 0.20 6.120 ± 0.085 14 15.04 ± 0.20 5.890 ± 0.079 42 15.61 ± 0.20 5.677 ± 0.073 56 15.84 ± 0.20 5.594 ± 0.071 16 17.11 ± 0.20 5.181 ± 0.061 33 17.40 ± 0.20 5.097 ± 0.059 4 17.82 ± 0.20 4.979 ± 0.056 8 18.12 ± 0.20 4.897 ± 0.054 3 18.90 ± 0.20 4.695 ± 0.050 11 19.39 ± 0.20 4.579 ± 0.047 5 19.62 ± 0.20 4.525 ± 0.046 4 20.16 ± 0.20 4.406 ± 0.044 8 20.96 ± 0.20 4.239 ± 0.040 12 22.81 ± 0.20 3.898 ± 0.034 27 23.15 ± 0.20 3.843 ± 0.033 9 23.28 ± 0.20 3.821 ± 0.033 7 23.87 ± 0.20 3.729 ± 0.031 34 24.17 ± 0.20 3.683 ± 0.030 52 24.62 ± 0.20 3.616 ± 0.029 95 25.20 ± 0.20 3.534 ± 0.028 5 25.77 ± 0.20 3.457 ± 0.027 13 26.44 ± 0.20 3.371 ± 0.025 70 26.71 ± 0.20 3.338 ± 0.025 10 27.21 ± 0.20 3.278 ± 0.024 7

TABLE 7 Observed peaks for GBT000440, Material K. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.52 ± 0.20 10.373 ± 0.249  75  8.83 ± 0.20 10.020 ± 0.232  33 11.35 ± 0.20 7.797 ± 0.139 29 12.52 ± 0.20 7.071 ± 0.114 21 12.90 ± 0.20 6.861 ± 0.108 24 13.92 ± 0.20 6.361 ± 0.092 4 14.49 ± 0.20 6.113 ± 0.085 18 15.04 ± 0.20 5.890 ± 0.079 41 15.34 ± 0.20 5.775 ± 0.076 17 15.74 ± 0.20 5.629 ± 0.072 57 15.93 ± 0.20 5.564 ± 0.070 13 16.61 ± 0.20 5.336 ± 0.065 7 17.11 ± 0.20 5.181 ± 0.061 33 17.70 ± 0.20 5.011 ± 0.057 7 18.00 ± 0.20 4.928 ± 0.055 4 18.38 ± 0.20 4.826 ± 0.053 13 19.04 ± 0.20 4.662 ± 0.049 4 19.74 ± 0.20 4.498 ± 0.046 5 20.21 ± 0.20 4.395 ± 0.043 11 20.99 ± 0.20 4.232 ± 0.040 12 22.70 ± 0.20 3.918 ± 0.034 22 22.90 ± 0.20 3.884 ± 0.034 17 23.46 ± 0.20 3.791 ± 0.032 45 23.58 ± 0.20 3.773 ± 0.032 70 24.08 ± 0.20 3.695 ± 0.030 100 24.75 ± 0.20 3.597 ± 0.029 6 25.19 ± 0.20 3.536 ± 0.028 21 25.99 ± 0.20 3.429 ± 0.026 71 26.71 ± 0.20 3.338 ± 0.025 11 27.36 ± 0.20 3.260 ± 0.024 9 28.11 ± 0.20 3.174 ± 0.022 4 28.69 ± 0.20 3.111 ± 0.021 9

TABLE 8 Observed peaks for Material L. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  8.61 ± 0.20 10.273 ± 0.244  79  8.78 ± 0.20 10.077 ± 0.235  38 11.67 ± 0.20 7.586 ± 0.132 35 12.17 ± 0.20 7.274 ± 0.121 19 12.94 ± 0.20 6.844 ± 0.107 14 14.07 ± 0.20 6.293 ± 0.090 3 14.62 ± 0.20 6.057 ± 0.084 5 14.94 ± 0.20 5.929 ± 0.080 25 15.28 ± 0.20 5.800 ± 0.076 50 15.93 ± 0.20 5.564 ± 0.070 18 16.14 ± 0.20 5.490 ± 0.068 49 16.33 ± 0.20 5.429 ± 0.067 9 16.70 ± 0.20 5.310 ± 0.064 9 16.85 ± 0.20 5.263 ± 0.063 6 17.30 ± 0.20 5.127 ± 0.060 52 17.63 ± 0.20 5.030 ± 0.057 6 18.37 ± 0.20 4.830 ± 0.053 3 20.14 ± 0.20 4.409 ± 0.044 5 20.59 ± 0.20 4.314 ± 0.042 14 21.53 ± 0.20 4.128 ± 0.038 11 22.01 ± 0.20 4.038 ± 0.037 3 22.44 ± 0.20 3.961 ± 0.035 27 22.75 ± 0.20 3.910 ± 0.034 72 23.10 ± 0.20 3.851 ± 0.033 20 23.31 ± 0.20 3.816 ± 0.033 19 23.48 ± 0.20 3.789 ± 0.032 12 23.71 ± 0.20 3.752 ± 0.031 100 24.48 ± 0.20 3.636 ± 0.029 20 24.70 ± 0.20 3.604 ± 0.029 4 24.93 ± 0.20 3.571 ± 0.028 3 25.59 ± 0.20 3.482 ± 0.027 5 25.72 ± 0.20 3.464 ± 0.027 5 26.05 ± 0.20 3.420 ± 0.026 62 26.59 ± 0.20 3.352 ± 0.025 6 27.14 ± 0.20 3.286 ± 0.024 8 27.83 ± 0.20 3.206 ± 0.023 8 28.38 ± 0.20 3.145 ± 0.022 3 28.78 ± 0.20 3.102 ± 0.021 8 29.05 ± 0.20 3.074 ± 0.021 4 29.36 ± 0.20 3.042 ± 0.020 3

TABLE 9 Observed peaks for Material M. °2θ d space (Å) Intensity (%)  7.74 ± 0.20 11.424 ± 0.303  100  8.34 ± 0.20 10.601 ± 0.260  4 10.05 ± 0.20 8.806 ± 0.178 17 12.82 ± 0.20 6.906 ± 0.109 46 13.05 ± 0.20 6.783 ± 0.105 4 14.17 ± 0.20 6.249 ± 0.089 2 14.54 ± 0.20 6.092 ± 0.085 6 14.99 ± 0.20 5.910 ± 0.079 16 15.33 ± 0.20 5.782 ± 0.076 47 15.53 ± 0.20 5.707 ± 0.074 21 16.80 ± 0.20 5.278 ± 0.063 27 18.33 ± 0.20 4.839 ± 0.053 3 19.17 ± 0.20 4.630 ± 0.048 22 20.19 ± 0.20 4.399 ± 0.044 23 20.82 ± 0.20 4.266 ± 0.041 32 21.14 ± 0.20 4.202 ± 0.040 27 21.29 ± 0.20 4.173 ± 0.039 14 22.01 ± 0.20 4.038 ± 0.037 13 22.28 ± 0.20 3.991 ± 0.036 23 22.93 ± 0.20 3.879 ± 0.034 6 23.35 ± 0.20 3.810 ± 0.032 11 24.00 ± 0.20 3.708 ± 0.031 14 24.25 ± 0.20 3.670 ± 0.030 3 24.88 ± 0.20 3.578 ± 0.029 11 25.54 ± 0.20 3.488 ± 0.027 9 25.80 ± 0.20 3.453 ± 0.027 94 26.97 ± 0.20 3.306 ± 0.024 27 27.63 ± 0.20 3.229 ± 0.023 2 28.41 ± 0.20 3.142 ± 0.022 7 28.54 ± 0.20 3.127 ± 0.022 8 29.03 ± 0.20 3.076 ± 0.021 3 29.30 ± 0.20 3.049 ± 0.020 7 29.63 ± 0.20 3.015 ± 0.020 15

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another of its composition embodiments, this invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and crystalline free base ansolvate of Compound 1, preferably including one or more of the Form I, Form II and/or Material N polymorphs.

Such compositions can be formulated for different routes of administration. Although compositions suitable for oral delivery will probably be used most frequently, other routes that may be used include intravenous, intraarterial, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous, intracranial, subcutaneous and transdermal routes. Suitable dosage forms for administering any of the compounds described herein include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used, for example, in a transdermal patch form. All dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16^(th) ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of this invention. Such excipients may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention are prepared by conventional means using methods known in the art.

The compositions disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with any of the vehicles and excipients commonly employed in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g., talc, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cocoa butter, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, oils, paraffin derivatives, glycols, etc. Coloring and flavoring agents may also be added to preparations, particularly to those for oral administration. Solutions can be prepared using water or physiologically compatible organic solvents such as ethanol, 1,2-propylene glycol, polyglycols, dimethylsulfoxide, fatty alcohols, triglycerides, partial esters of glycerin and the like.

Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like. Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc. In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprises one or more of α-tocopherol, gum arabic, and/or hydroxypropyl cellulose.

In one embodiment, this invention provides sustained release formulations such as drug depots or patches comprising an effective amount of a compound provided herein. In another embodiment, the patch further comprises gum Arabic or hydroxypropyl cellulose separately or in combination, in the presence of alpha-tocopherol. Preferably, the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 10,000 to 100,000. In a more preferred embodiment, the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 5,000 to 50,000.

Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention maybe used alone or in combination with other compounds. When administered with another agent, the co-administration can be in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both are manifest in the patient at the same time. Thus, co-administration does not require that a single pharmaceutical composition, the same dosage form, or even the same route of administration be used for administration of both the compound of this invention and the other agent or that the two agents be administered at precisely the same time. However, co-administration will be accomplished most conveniently by the same dosage form and the same route of administration, at substantially the same time. Obviously, such administration most advantageously proceeds by delivering both active ingredients simultaneously in a novel pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention.

Preparative and Treatment Methods Ansolvate

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing the crystalline free base ansolvate of Compound 1. In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of preparing the crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprising slurrying or contacting the HCl salt of the Compound 1 with water and allowing dissociation of HCl to produce the free base of Compound 1. In one embodiment, the crystalline free base ansolvate of Compound 1 prepared comprises one or more of Form I, Form II and Material N.

In yet another of its method embodiments, there are provided methods for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline free base of Compound 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 is an ansolvate. In one embodiment, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprises one or more of Form I, Form II and Material N.

In yet another of its method embodiments, there are provided methods for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline free base of Compound 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 is an ansolvate. In one embodiment, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprises one or more of Form I, Form II and Material N.

In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating sickle cell disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline free base of Compound 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 is an ansolvate. In one embodiment, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprises one or more of Form I, Form II and Material N. In still further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating cancer, a pulmonary disorder, stroke, high altitude sickness, an ulcer, a pressure sore, Alzheimer's disease, acute respiratory disease syndrome, and a wound, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline free base of Compound 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 is an ansolvate. In one embodiment, the crystalline free base of Compound 1 comprises one or more of Form I, Form II and Material N.

In such treatments, the dosing of the crystalline free base of Compound 1 to the treated patient is already disclosed in the art.

Solvates

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing the crystalline free base solvates of Compound 1. In some embodiments, a free base ansolvate, as described herein (e.g, as obtained by slurrying an HCl salt of Compound 1 in water) of Compound 1 is contacted with a solvent as provided herein, including a mixture of solvents, to prepare the solvate. the solvent or the mixture of solvents. Thus, a solvent can be a single solvent or substantially a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. When a mixture of solvents is used, a solvate can be produced having one or more of the individual constituent solvents of the solvent mixture. In some embodiments, the solvent includes alcoholic solvents such as mono di or higher alcohols or alkanols. In some embodiments, the solvent includes chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane chloroform, et cetera. In some embodiments, the solvent includes ketone solvents such as alkanones and cycloalkanones. Certain solvents include without limitation, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-butanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof, optionally including water.

In another aspect, a method is provided for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline solvate of Compound 1.

In another aspect, a method is provided for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline solvate of Compound 1.

EXAMPLES

The following examples describe the preparation, characterization, and properties of the free base of Compound 1 Form I ansolvate. Unless otherwise stated, all temperatures are in degrees Celcius (° C.) and the following abbreviations have the following definitions:

DSC Differential scanning calorimetry DVS Dynamic vapor sorption HPLC High performance liquid chromatography NA Not applicable ND Not determined Q Percent dissolved per unit time RH Relative humidity RSD Residual standard deviation RRT Relative retention time SS-NMR Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance TGA Thermogravimetric analysis TG-IR Thermogravimetric infra red analysis XRPD X-ray powder diffraction VT-XRPD Variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction

Synthetic Routes for Preparing Compound 1

The compound of formula (I) was synthesized as schematically described below and elaborated thereafter.

Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 15

To a solution of 2-bromobenzene-1,3-diol (5 g, 26.45 mmol) in DCM (50 ml) at 0° C. was added DIPEA (11.54 mL, 66.13 mmol) and MOMCl (4.42 mL, 58.19 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h, and then warmed to room temperature. The solution was diluted with DCM, washed with sat. NaHCO₃, brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (hexanes/EtOAc=4:1) to give desired product 15.58 g (90%).

Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 13 from 15

To a solution of 2-bromo-1,3-bis(methoxymethoxy)benzene (15) (19.9 g, 71.8 mmol) in THF (150 mL) at −78° C. was added BuLi (2.5 M, 31.6 mL, 79.0 mmol) dropwise. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 25 min (resulting white cloudy mixture), then it was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 25 min. The reaction mixture slowly turns homogenous. To the solution was added DMF at 0° C. After 25 min, HPLC showed reaction completed. The mixture was quenched with sat. NH4Cl (150 mL), diluted with ether (300 mL). The organic layer was separated, aq layer was further extracted with ether (2×200 mL), and organic layer was combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was triturated to give 14.6 g desired product. The filtrate was then concentrated and purified by column to give additional 0.7 g, total mass is 15.3 g.

Example 3: Synthesis of Compound 13 from Resorcinol 11

A three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with mechanical stirrer was charged with 0.22 mol of NaH (50% suspension in mineral oil) under nitrogen atmosphere. NaH was washed with 2 portions (100 mL) of n-hexane and then with 300 mL of dry diethyl ether; then 80 mL of anhydrous DMF was added. Then 0.09 mol of resorcinol 11, dissolved in 100 mL of diethyl ether was added dropwise and the mixture was left under stirring at rt for 30 min. Then 0.18 mol of MOMCl was slowly added. After 1 h under stirring at rt, 250 mL of water was added and the organic layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), then concentrated to give the crude product that was purified by silica gel chromatography to give compound 12 (93% yield).

A three-necked round-bottom flask was charged with 110 mL of n-hexane, 0.79 mol of BuLi and 9.4 mL of tetramethylethylendiamine (TMEDA) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled at −10° C. and 0.079 mol of bis-phenyl ether 12 was slowly added. The resulting mixture was left under magnetic stirring at −10° C. for 2 h. Then the temperature was raised to 0° C. and 0.067 mol of DMF was added dropwise. After 1 h, aqueous HCl was added until the pH was acidic; the mixture was then extracted with ethyl ether. The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to give aldehyde 13 (84%).

2,6-bis(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (13): mp 58-59° C. (n-hexane); IR (KBr) n: 1685 (C═O) cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.51 (s, 6H, 2OCH₃), 5.28 (s, 4H, 2OCH₂O), 6.84 (d, 2H, J=8.40 Hz, H-3, H-5), 7.41 (t, 1H, J=8.40 Hz, H-4), 10.55 (s, 1H, CHO); MS, m/e (relative intensity) 226 (M+, 3), 180 (4), 164 (14), 122 (2), 92 (2), 45 (100); Anal. Calc'd. for C₁₁H₁₄O₅: C, 58.40; H, 6.24. Found: C, 57.98; H, 6.20.

Example 4: The Synthesis of Compound 16

To a solution of 2,6-bis(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (13) (15.3 g, 67.6 mmol) in THF (105 mL) (solvent was purged with N₂) was added conc. HCl (12N, 7 mL) under N₂, then it was further stirred under N₂ for 1.5 h. To the solution was added brine (100 mL) and ether (150 ml). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with ether (2×200 mL). The organic layer was combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (300 g, hexanes/EtOAc=85:15) to give desired product 16 (9.9 g) as yellow liquid.

Example 5: Synthesis of Compound 17

To a solution of 2-hydroxy-6-(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (16) (10.88 g, 59.72 mmol) in DMF (120 mL) (DMF solution was purged with N₂ for 10 min) was added K₂CO₃ (32.05 g, 231.92 mmol) and 3-(chloromethyl)-2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine hydrochloride (10) (15.78 g, 57.98 mmol). The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 1.5 h, cooled to rt, poured into ice water (800 mL). The precipitated solids were isolated by filtration, dried and concentrated to give desired product (17, 18 g).

Example 6: Synthesis of Compound (I)

To a solution of 2-((2-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (17) (18 g, 47.19 mmol) in THF (135 mL, solution was purged with N₂) was added conc. HCl (12N, 20 mL). The solution was stirred at rt for 3 h when HPLC showed the reaction complete. The mixture was added to a solution of NaHCO₃ (15 g) in water (1.2 L), and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, dried to give crude solid, which was further purified by column (DCM/EtOAc=60:40) to give pure product (15.3 g).

Example 7: Synthesis of Compound I (Free Base) and its HCl Salt Form

Compound (I) free base (40 g) was obtained from the coupling of the alcohol intermediate 7 and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 9 under Mitsunobu conditions. A procedure is also provided below:

Example 8: Synthesis of Compound (I) by Mitsunobu Coupling

Into a 2000-mL three neck round-bottom flask, which was purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of [2-[1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]pyridin-3-yl]methanol (7) (70 g, 322.18 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (1000 mL). 2,6-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (9) (49.2 g, 356.21 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and PPh₃ (101 g, 385.07 mmol, 1.20 equiv) were added to the reaction mixture. This was followed by the addition of a solution of DIAD (78.1 g, 386.23 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) dropwise with stirring. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting solution was diluted with 500 ml of H₂O. The resulting solution was extracted with 3×500 ml of dichloromethane and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:50-1:3) as eluent to yield the crude product. The crude product was re-crystallized from i-propanol/H₂O in the ratio of 1/1.5. This resulted in 40 g (37%) of 2-hydroxy-6-([2-[1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]pyridin-3-yl]methoxy)benzaldehyde as a light yellow solid. The compound exhibited a melting point of 80-82° C. MS (ES, m z): 338.1 [M+1]. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.72 (s, 1H), 10.21 (s, 1H), 8.76 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (m, 3H), 6.55 (m, 3H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 1.37 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 6H). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.96 (s, 1H), 10.40 (s, 1H), 8.77 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.34 (m, 2H), 6.59 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.67 (sep, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H).

In another approach, multiple batches of Compound (I) free base are prepared in multi gram quantities (20 g). The advantage of this route is the use of mono-protected 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (16), which effectively eliminates the possibility of bis-alkylation side product. The mono-MOM ether of 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (16) can be obtained from two starting points, bromoresorcinol (14) or resorcinol (11) [procedures described in the Journal of Organic Chemistry, 74(11), 4311-4317; 2009]. All steps and procedures are provided below. Due to the presence of phenolic aldehyde group, precautions (i.e., carry out all reactions under inert gas such as nitrogen) should be taken to avoid oxidation of the phenol and/or aldehyde group.

Preparation of compound I HCl salt: A solution of compound I (55.79 g, 165.55 mmol) in acetonitrile (275 mL) was flushed with nitrogen for 10 min, then to this solution was added 3N aqueous HCl (62 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for additional 10 min after the addition, most of the acetonitrile (about 200 mL) was then removed by evaporation on a rotary evaporator at around 32° C., the remaining solution was frozen by cooling in an acetone-dry ice bath and lyophilized to afford compound I HCl salt (59.4 g).

Example 9: Characterization of the HCl Salt of Compound 1

Technique Details Result XRPD indexed HCl salt of Compound 1 Microscope — pale yellow solids, thin blades/tablets, birefringent ¹H NMR DMSO-d6 consistent with structure, <0.01 moles MEK XRPD — HCl salt of Compound 1 DVS — 0.03% gain upon equilibration at 5% RH 0.10% gain from 5 to 95% RH 0.09% loss from 95 to 5% RH post XRPD HCl I + Free Base Form I

Example 10: Physical Stability of the HCl Salt of Compound 1 Exposed to Water

Time (all times are Condition approximated) Observation XRPD Result contacted w/ — sheet formation after 5 — water min water slurry about 5 min Floating yellow solids Free base (FB) convert to white solids I (indexed) upon isolation vacuum dried about 1 day Remain FB I water slurry about 6 days white, thin blades, FB I + FB II birefringent (B)

Example 11: Physical Stability of the HCl Salt of Compound 1 with Grinding

Condition Time Observation XRPD Result grinding, dry 30 min off white/pale yellow HCl I grinding, wet 30 min off white/pale yellow paste HCl I + FB I

Example 12: Physical Stability of the HCl Salt of Compound 1 Exposed to Elevated Temperature and/or Vacuum

Condition Time Observation XRPD Result RT vacuum 6 days pale yellow, blades/plates, B HCl I + FB I 30° C. 6 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I 12 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 24 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 40° C. 6 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 12 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 24 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 40° C. 6 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I vacuum 12 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 24 hrs pale yellow, blades/tablets, B HCl I + FB I 60° C. 6 days pale yellow blades, B HCl I + FB I 60° C. 6 days pale yellow, blades, B; HCl I + FB I + vacuum irregular residue other free base form 100 to 20 min pH paper above sample HCl I + FB I + 125° C. indicate acidic volatiles other free base form

Example 13: Generation of the Free Base of Compound 1 from the Disproportionation of the HCl Salt of Compound 1 in Water (the Starting Material is the HCl Salt of Compound 1)

Method Observation XRPD Result 1. contacted with water 1. pale yellow, FB I 2. sonicated wets poorly 3. filtered and rinsed with 2. white water 3. — 4. dried under N₂ for 10 minutes 4. — 5. vacuum RT, overnight 5. — 1. contacted with water 1. — FB I + other free 2. sonicated for 5 minutes 2. pale yellow, base form 3. slurried for 10 minutes turned white 4. filtered, rinsed with water 3. — 5. dried under N₂ for 10 minutes 4. — 6. vacuum RT, overnight 5. white 7. stored in freezer 6. — 7. — 1. slurry in water, RT, 8 days; 1. thick white FB II seeded with FB II slurry 2. filtered, rinsed with water 2. — 3. vacuum RT, overnight 3. — 2. sub sample of slurry 2. — FB II (indexed) 3. rinsed with water 3. —

Example 14: Characterization Form I of the Free Base of Compound 1

Technique Details Result XRPD indexed Free Base Form I XRPD — Free Base Form I TGA 25 to 0.2% weight loss up to 100° C. 350° C. DSC 25 to endothermic event with onset near 97° C. 350° C. Hot Stage 22.7° C. initial, fines, birefringent Microscopy 91.2° C. increase in particle size and birefringence 94.2° C. increase in particle size and birefringence 95.7° C. melt onset, larger particles from initial heating 96.1° C. melt continuation 96.3° C. melt complete, no crystallization upon melting 68.7° C. fresh preparation, larger magnification 91.1° C. increase in birefringence 94.8° C. melt onset, larger particles, birefringent 95.4° C. melt continuation 95.9° C. only few crystals remain, cooled to 92.6° C. 92.6° C. held for 2 to 3 minutes crystal growth to larger blades, -began heating 96.3° C. complete melt ¹H NMR DMSO-d6 consistent with structure DVS — 0.02% loss upon equilibration at 5% RH 0.22% gain from 5 to 95% RH 0.22% loss from 95 to 5% RH post Free Base Form I + other Free Base Material XRPD

Example 15: Characterization of Form II of the Free Base of Compound 1

Technique Details Result XRPD indexed Free Base Form II XRPD initial Free Base Form II after 7 days Free Base Form II TGA 25 to 350° C. 0.1% weight loss up to 100° C. DSC 25 to 350° C. endothermic event with onset near 97° C. ¹H NMR DMSO-d6 consistent with structure

Example 16: Characterization of Material N of the Free Base of Compound 1

Technique Details Result XRPD — Free Base Material N TGA 25 to 350° C. 0.2% weight loss up to 100° C. DSC 25 to 350° C. endothermic event with onset near 94° C. ¹H NMR DMSO-d6 consistent with structure, no residual reaction solvent observed

Example 17: Competitive Interconversion Slurries Between Free Base Forms I and II

Conditions Solvent Observation XRPD Result 6° C., 6 days water white FB II 6° C., 6 days heptane white FB II 6° C., 6 days IPE faint pale yellow FB N RT, 6 days water white FB II RT, 6 days heptane off white FB II RT, 6 days IPE pale yellow FB N^(Error! Bookmark not defined.) RT, 6 days toluene pale yellow FB N 57° C., 2 days water fines, off white, B FB II + FB I 57° C., heptane blades and FB II overnight tablets, B 57° C., IPE blades, laminated, FB II overnight pale yellow, B

Example 18: Competitive Interconversion Slurries Between Free Base Form II and Material N

Conditions 35° C., 3 days heptane pale yellow fines, B FB N 57° C., 3 days heptane larger blades, and rosettes of blades, B FB II

Example 19: Selected Experimental Methods

Indexing: XRPD patterns are indexed by using proprietary SSCI software. Agreement between the allowed peak positions, marked with red bars within the figures, and the observed peaks indicates a consistent unit cell determination. Indexing and structure refinement are computational studies which are performed under the “Procedures for SSCI Non-cGMP Activities.” To confirm the tentative indexing solution, the molecular packing motifs within the crystallographic unit cells must be determined. No attempts at molecular packing were performed.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): DSC was performed using a TA Instruments Q2000 differential scanning calorimeter. Temperature calibration was performed using NIST-traceable indium metal. The sample was placed into an aluminum DSC pan, covered with a lid, and the weight was accurately recorded. A weighed aluminum pan configured as the sample pan was placed on the reference side of the cell. The data acquisition parameters and pan configuration for each thermogram are displayed in the image in the Data section of this report. The method code on the thermogram is an abbreviation for the start and end temperature as well as the heating rate; e.g., −30-250-10 means “from −30° C. to 250° C., at 10° C./min”. The following summarizes the abbreviations used in each image for pan configurations: Tzero crimped pan (T0C); and Lid not crimped (NC).

Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS): Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) data were collected on a VTI SGA-100 Vapor Sorption Analyzer. NaCl and PVP were used as calibration standards. Samples were not dried prior to analysis. Adsorption and desorption data were collected over a range from 5 to 95% RH at 10% RH increments under a nitrogen purge. The equilibrium criterion used for analysis was less than 0.0100% weight change in 5 minutes with a maximum equilibration time of 3 hours. Data were not corrected for the initial moisture content of the samples.

Microscopy

Hot Stage Microscopy: Hot stage microscopy was performed using a Linkam hot stage (FTIR 600) mounted on a Leica DM LP microscope equipped with a SPOT Insight™ color digital camera. Temperature calibrations were performed using USP melting point standards. Samples were placed on a cover glass, and a second cover glass was placed on top of the sample. As the stage was heated, each sample was visually observed using a 20×0.40 N.A. long working distance objective with crossed polarizers and a first order red compensator. Images were captured using SPOT software (v. 4.5.9).

Polarized Light Microscopy: During the course of experimentation generated samples were viewed utilizing a microscope with cross polarized light to observe morphology and birefringence. Samples were visually observed at 40× magnification.

¹H Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR)

SSCI: Samples were prepared for NMR spectroscopy as ˜5-50 mg solutions in the appropriate deuterated solvent. The specific acquisition parameters are listed on the plot of the first full spectrum of each sample in the data section for samples run at SSCI.

Spectral Data Solutions: For samples run using Spectral Data Solutions (subcontractor), the solution ¹H NMR spectra were acquired at ambient temperature on a Varian ^(UNITY)INOVA-400 spectrometer (¹H Larmor Frequency=399.8 MHz). The specific acquisition parameters are listed on the spectral data sheet and on each data plot of the spectrum of the sample.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

TG analyses were performed using a TA Instruments 2950 thermogravimetric analyzer. Temperature calibration was performed using nickel and Alumel™. Each sample was placed in an aluminum pan and inserted into the TG furnace. The furnace was heated under a nitrogen purge. The data acquisition parameters are displayed above each thermogram in the Data section of this report. The method code on the thermogram is an abbreviation for the start and end temperature as well as the heating rate; e.g., 25-350-10 means “from 25° C. to 350° C., at 10° C./min”. The use of 0 as the initial temperature indicates sample run initiated from ambient.

XRPD Analysis

INEL: XRPD patterns were collected with an Inel XRG-3000 diffractometer. An incident beam of Cu Kα radiation was produced using a fine-focus tube and a parabolically graded multilayer mirror. Prior to the analysis, a silicon standard (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to verify the Si 111 peak position. A specimen of the sample was packed into a thin-walled glass capillary, and a beam-stop was used to minimize the background from air. Diffraction patterns were collected in transmission geometry using Windif v. 6.6 software and a curved position-sensitive Equinox detector with a 2θ range of 120°. The data-acquisition parameters for each pattern are displayed above the image in the Data section of this report.

PANalytical Transmission: XRPD patterns were collected with a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu radiation produced using an Optix long, fine-focus source. An elliptically graded multilayer mirror was used to focus Cu Kα X-rays through the specimen and onto the detector. Prior to the analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to verify the Si 111 peak position. A specimen of the sample was sandwiched between 3 μm thick films and analyzed in transmission geometry. A beam-stop, short antiscatter extension, and an antiscatter knife edge were used to minimize the background generated by air. Soller slits for the incident and diffracted beams were used to minimize broadening from axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X'Celerator) located 240 mm from the specimen and Data Collector software v. 2.2b. The data-acquisition parameters for each pattern are displayed above the image in the Data section of this report including the divergence slit (DS) before the mirror and the incident-beam antiscatter slit (SS).

PANalytical Reflection: XRPD patterns were collected with a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu Kα radiation produced using a long, fine-focus source and a nickel filter. The diffractometer was configured using the symmetric Bragg-Brentano geometry. Prior to the analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to verify the observed position of the Si 111 peak is consistent with the NIST-certified position. A specimen of the sample was prepared as a thin, circular layer centered on a silicon zero-background substrate. Antiscatter slits (SS) were used to minimize the background generated by air. Soller slits for the incident and diffracted beams were used to minimize broadening from axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X'Celerator) located 240 mm from the sample and Data Collector software v. 2.2b. The data acquisition parameters for each pattern are displayed above the image in the Data section of this report including the divergence slit (DS) and the incident-beam SS.

Approximate Solubility: A weighed sample was treated with aliquots of the test solvent at room temperature. The mixture was sonicated between additions to facilitate dissolution. Complete dissolution of the test material was determined by visual inspection. Solubility was estimated based on the total solvent used to provide complete dissolution. Some samples were then heated and observed visually for complete dissolution. The actual solubility may be greater than the value calculated because of the use of solvent aliquots that were too large or due to a slow rate of dissolution. The solubility is expressed as “less than” if dissolution did not occur during the experiment. If complete dissolution was achieved as a result of only one aliquot addition, the solubility is expressed as “greater than”.

Anti-Solvent Additions: Compound 1/organic solvent solutions were contacted with solvents that Compound 1 was determined to be poorly soluble or insoluble in. These anti solvent additions were added to help lower the solubility of the solvent system and induce crystallization.

Cooling and Slow Cools: Solutions were prepared in the selected solvent or solvent/anti-solvent system. These solutions were chilled below room temperature within a refrigerator for varying lengths of time in an attempt to induce nucleation. The presence or absence of solids was noted. Upon observation of solids, in quantities sufficient for analysis, isolation of material was conduction. If insufficient quantities were present further cooling was performed in a freezer. Samples were either isolated for analysis wet or as dry powders.

Compression: Selected samples were compressed utilizing a KBr die and a Carver hydraulic press. An applied load of 10000 lbs was applied to the die shaft for approximately 20 minutes.

Crystallization from Solution: Saturated solutions were generated at ambient and then capped. Nucleation was observed to occur from these systems during evaluation of the Free Base of Compound 1.

Fast Evaporation: Solutions were prepared in selected solvents and agitated between aliquot additions to assist in dissolution. Once a mixture reached complete dissolution, as judged by visual observation, the solution was allowed to evaporate at ambient temperature in an uncapped vial or at ambient under nitrogen. The solids that formed were isolated for evaluation.

Milling: Selected material was milled utilizing a Reitch Mill. The material was loaded into an agate lined milling vessel followed by the addition of an agate ball. The vessel was then placed on to the mill and milled for approximately 30 minutes at frequency of 1/30 seconds. The milling was stopped approximately every 10 minutes and material scraped from the wall before further milling.

Slurry: Solutions were prepared by adding enough solids to a given solvent so that excess solids were present. The mixture was then agitated in a sealed vial at either ambient or an elevated temperature. After a given amount of time, the solids were isolated for analysis.

Temperature and Relative Humidity Stress: Selected materials were stressed at elevated related humidity and/or temperature. Relative humidity jars (saturated salt solutions used to generate desired relative humidity) were utilized to store selected samples. The following relative humidity jars were utilized during evaluation: 75% RH (NaCl) and 60% (NaBr), to investigate the effects of humidity. Temperatures utilized were ambient, 30, 40, 60, and 100-125° C.

Vacuum: Selected materials were stressed under reduced pressure for a set time period. Initial stressing was conducted with the in-house vacuum system with absolute pressure readings <500 mTorr, typically 30 to 50 mTorr (0.030 to 0.05 mm Hg). Additional vacuum stressing was conducted at 48 mmHg utilizing a portable lab vacuum and bleed to simulate conditions similar to those expected during process.

Example 20: Disproportionation of the HCl Salt

The disproportionation of the HCl salt in water was utilized to generate free base. The nucleation of Free Base Form I occurs first. Extending the slurry time induces the transformation to a more thermodynamically stable phase relative to Form I, Free Base Form II.

Three anhydrous materials of the free base were identified; Free Base Forms I, II, and Material N. Free Base Material N appears to be most stable form, relative to Forms I and II, at room temperature. Free Base Material N is enantiotropic relative to Form II, and will transform reversibly at a specific transition temperature (estimated near 42° C.). Above the transition temperature, Free Base Form II appears to be the most stable form, relative to Form I and Material N.

The HCl salt (termed “HCl Form I”) was subjected to various stress conditions and monitored by XRPD to evaluate physical stability. As discussed, disproportionation occurred during the DVS experiment of the HCl salt, indicating instability upon exposure to elevated humidity. Disproportionation is further evident with wet milling or in direct contact with water (e.g. slurry) as shown by the presence of Free Base Forms I or II, identified by XRPD. The volatilization and loss of HCl upon heating and/or vacuum is shown by the presence of Free Base Form I, identified by XRPD, and also indicates instability at these conditions.

-   -   Contact with water resulted in a visual color change of the         material from pale yellow to white; physical changes were also         observed microscopically. Immediate disproportionation occurs.         XRPD analysis identified the resulting material from a water         slurry (˜5 minutes) as Free Base Form I. Free Base Form II also         becomes evident if the amount of time in the slurry is extended.     -   The volatilization of HCl was evident within hours of exposure         to drying conditions. Conversion to Free Base Form I was         observed by XRPD at 30° C. (after 12 hrs), 40° C. (after 6 hrs),         and at 40° C./48 mmHg (after 6 hrs).     -   Free Base Material C becomes evident at more extreme conditions         involving elevated temperatures. Heating HCl Form I up to         125° C. induces the loss of acidic volatiles (judged visually by         use of pH paper held above sample). XRPD analysis identifies the         resulting sample as a mixture of HCl Form I, Free Base Form I,         and Free Base Material C. Exposing the HCl salt to 60° C. under         vacuum for 6 days provides the same result. The nature of         Material C is not established

The HCl salt was shown to disproportionate immediately in water. This phenomenon was utilized to generate free base. The nucleation of Free Base Form I occurs first. Extending the slurry time induces the transformation to a more thermodynamically stable phase relative to Form I, Free Base Form II.

-   -   A 20 ml vial was charged with 266.4 mg of HCl Form I and         contacted with 10 ml of water. The sample was sonicated until         the pale yellow material changed color to white. The resulting         solids were collected by filtration (water aspirated) and rinsed         with 10 ml of water. A nitrogen purge was blown over the sample         for approximately 10 minutes prior to exposure to vacuum at         ambient temperature to dry overnight. The resulting material was         analyzed by XRPD and determined to be Free Base Form I.     -   A 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask was charged with 6.0250 grams of HCl         Form I and contacted with 220 mL of water. The sample was         sonicated for approximately 5 minutes to disperse the material.         The yellow material changed color to white during sonication. A         stir bar was added and the sample was stirred at 700 RPM for         approximately 10 minutes. The solids were collected by         filtration and rinsed with 220 ml of water followed by a         nitrogen purge over the sample for approximately 10 minutes         prior to exposure to vacuum at ambient temperature. The sample         was dried at this condition for approximately 24 hours yielding         5.1834 grams of material. The resulting material was analyzed by         XRPD and determined to be a mixture of Free Base Form I and Free         Base Material D. (The nature of Material D is not established.)

The procedure used to generate Free Base Form II is described below.

-   -   A 20 ml vial was charged with 477.5 mg of HCl Form I lot 20 and         contacted with 20 ml of water. The sample was sonicated until         the pale yellow material changed color to white. A small amount         of sample (mixture of Free Base Forms I and II) was added as         seeds. A stir bar was added and the sample was stirred at 200         RPM for 8 days. The resulting solids were collected by         filtration (water aspirated) and rinsed with 15 ml of water. The         sample was exposed to vacuum at ambient temperature to dry         overnight. The resulting material was analyzed by XRPD and         determined to be Free Base Form II.

Example 21: Additional Procedures for the Preparation of the Free Base of Form I, Form II, and From N Conversion of the Free Base of Compound 1 to the HCl Salt

General Procedure: Slowly treat a solution of the free base of Compound 1 in MEK (5 vol) with conc HCl (1.5 eq). Cool the resulting slurry to 0-5° C. for 1 h and filter. Wash solids with MEK (1 vol). Dry under vacuum at 30-35° C.

Preparation A: Following the general procedure above, 35 g of crude Compound 1 was processed to provide the HCl salt as a pale yellow solid (32.4 g, 82% yield, 99.8% purity by HPLC).

Preparation of the Free Base Form I from the HCl Salt of Compound 1

General Procedure: Vigorously stir a slurry of the HCl salt of Compound 1 in DIW (10 vol) for 5 min to 2 h. Filter the slurry, wash with DIW (2×1 vol), dry on funnel, then further dry under vacuum at 30-35° C.

Preparation A: Following the general procedure above, after stirring for 1 h, 32 g of the HCl salt of Compound 1 was processed to provide the free base as a pale yellow solid (27.3 g, 95% yield, 99.8% purity by HPLC; DSC indicates Form I).

Preparation B: Following the general procedure above, after stirring for 1 h, 39 g of the HCl salt of Compound 1 was processed to provide the free base as a pale yellow solid (31.8 g, 90% yield, >99.9% purity by HPLC)).

Preparation C: Thus, the HCl salt of Compound 1 (134 g) was vigorously stirred in water (10 vol) until the material appeared as a finely dispersed white slurry. After filtration and drying, a white crystalline solid (116 g, 96% recovery, >99.9% purity by HPLC) was isolated.

Preparation D: The purpose of this experiment was to prepare the free base from Compound 1, HCl. Thus, the HCl salt of Compound 1 (65.3 g) was vigorously stirred in water (10 vol) until the material appeared as a finely dispersed white slurry. After filtration and drying, a white crystalline solid (57.5 g, 97.6% recovery, >99.9% purity by HPLC) was isolated.

Preparation of GBT000440 Free Base Form II from GBT000440 Free Base Form I

General Procedure: Stir a slurry of the free base of Compound 1 Form I in an appreciate solvent (e.g. heptane or water) (10 vol) for 1-7 days. Filter the slurry, wash with DIW (2×1 vol), dry on funnel, then further dry under vacuum at 30-35° C.

Preparation A: Thus, the free base of Compound 1, Form I (114 g) was stirred in n-heptane (10 vol) at 35° C. After 4 days, XRPD indicated the material was Form II. The slurry was filtered and dried to provide 110 g off white solid.

Preparation B: the free base of Compound 1 (5 g) was slurried in heptanes (10 vol 50 mlL) at room temperature. After 4 days, the slurry was filtered to provide an off-white solid.

Preparation C: the free base of Compound 1 (5.8 kg) was slurried in heptanes (10 vol) at room temperature. After 2 days, the slurry was filtered and washed with 2×2 vol n-heptane to provide 4.745 kg of Form II as an off-white solid.

Preparation D: the free base of Compound 1 (5 g) was slurried in water. After 4 days, the slurry was filtered to provide an off-white solid. Preparation of GBT000440 free base Form N from GBT000440 free base Form I or Form II

General Procedure: Stir a slurry of the free base of Compound 1, Form I in MTBE (4 vol) at room temperature for at least 4 days. After 4 days, filter the slurry to provide an off-white solid. Obtain XRPD to confirm polymorph as Material N.

Preparation A: Following the general procedure above, 27 g of the free base of Compound 1, Form I (48TRS079) was stirred in MTBE at 18-23° C. for 4 days. DSC indicated it should be Material N. Isolated 22.2 g cream colored solid (82% recovery, 99.9 purity by HPLC). XRPD analysis planned.

Preparation B: Following the general procedure above, 31 g of the free base of Compound 1, Form I was stirred in 3 vol MTBE at 18-23° C. for 4 days.

Preparation C: the free base of Compound 1, Form I (13KWB023, 1 g) was slurried in MTBE (5 vol) at room temperature. Slurry was seeded with Material N (50 mg). After 4 days, the slurry was filtered to provide a off-white solid. DSC indicated the melting point was the same as Material N.

Preparation D: The purpose of this experiment was to convert the the free base of Compound 1, Form II to Material N. Thus, the free base of Compound 1 (0.5 g) was stirred in 5 vol of di-n-propyl ether at 18-23° C. After 2 days, DSC corresponded to the pattern observed for Material N. XRPD analysis confirmed Material N had been formed.

Preparation E: To the free base of Compound 1, Form II (5 g) was added diisopropyl ether (5 vol, 25 mL) at room temperature. After 4 days, the slurry was filtered to provide a off-white solid. DSC indicates Material N.

Example 22: Preliminary Solvent-Based Screens

Rapid, solvent-based screens were conducted in an attempt to determine the most stable form of the free base of Compound 1. The study also provides a preliminary assessment of the propensity of these materials to exist in various crystal forms. Generated solids were observed by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and/or analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), comparing the resulting XRPD patterns to known patterns of Compound 1.

If possible, XRPD patterns were indexed. Indexing is the process of determining the size and shape of the crystallographic unit cell given the peak positions in a diffraction pattern. The term gets its name from the assignment of Miller index labels to individual peaks. XRPD indexing serves several purposes. If all of the peaks in a pattern are indexed by a single unit cell, this is strong evidence that the sample contains a single crystalline phase. Given the indexing solution, the unit cell volume may be calculated directly and can be useful to determine their solvation states. Indexing is also a robust description of a crystalline form and provides a concise summary of all available peak positions for that phase at a particular thermodynamic state point.

Materials exhibiting unique crystalline XRPD patterns, based on visual inspection of peaks associated with these materials, were given letter designations. The letter designation is tentatively associated with the word ‘Material’ if insufficient characterization data is available. The nomenclature is used only to aid in the identification of unique XRPD patterns and does not imply that the stoichiometry, crystalline phase purity, or chemical purity of the material is known. Materials are further designated as forms with Roman numeral designations (i.e., Free Base Material A=Free Base Form I), when phase purity (obtained through indexing of the XRPD pattern or single crystal structure elucidation) and chemical identity/purity (obtained through proton NMR spectroscopy) of the material is determined.

Three anhydrous materials were identified: Forms I, II, and Material N. Material N appears to be most stable form, relative to Forms I and II, at room temperature. Material N is enantiotropic relative to Form II, and will transform reversibly at a specific transition temperature (estimated near 42° C.). Above the transition temperature, Form II appears to be the most stable form, relative to Form I and Material N.

Materials C and D are used to identify a few additional, low intensity peaks observed in XRPD patterns which were predominantly composed of the Free Base Form I of Compound 1 or mixtures of the HCl Form I and Free Base Form I of Compound 1.

Example 23: Anhydrous Ansolvate Forms Form I

Free Base Form I is a metastable, anhydrous phase of the free base that is formed immediately from the disproportionation of the HCl salt in water. A representative XRPD pattern of Form I was successfully indexed and the unit cell volume is consistent with anhydrous free base. Visual comparison of the XRPD pattern to the historical pattern of the free base provided indicates the material may be similar; however, the historical pattern appears to exhibit additional peaks from a potential mixture.

The ¹H NMR spectrum is consistent with the chemical structure of Compound 1. The chemical shift at approximately 2.5 ppm is assigned to DMSO (due to residual protons in the NMR solvent). Peaks that could be associated with residual solvents were not visible, consistent with the anhydrous unit cell volume determined from the indexing solution above and the negligible wt % loss observed by TGA discussed below.

Thermograms (TG) data shows negligible weight loss, 0.2%, up to 100° C., consistent with an anhydrous form. The DSC exhibits a single endotherm with an onset near 97° C. (similar to what is observed for Form II). The endotherm is consistent with a melt by hot stage microscopy. However, changes in particle size and birefringence were evident prior to the melt; a possible phase change occurred. Consequently, if a phase change occurred and an endotherm similar to that of Free Base Form II was observed, it can be inferred that the observed melt is truly not of Form I but of the resulting phase, most likely Form II.

The DVS isotherm indicates Form I is not hygroscopic. Negligible weight gain and loss, 0.2%, was observed through sorption/desorption. By XRPD, the material recovered from the DVS experiment was predominately Free Base Form I with a few additional peaks. The additional peaks were termed Free Base Material D. The nature of Material D is unknown; however, the appearance of another phase(s) indicates that Form I is not likely physically stable at elevated humidity conditions (at ambient temperature).

Form II

Free Base Form II is an anhydrous phase of the free base. Form II is enantiotropically related to Material N, where it is the thermodynamically stable form above an estimated transition temperature of 42° C. Form II can be generated in solvents that do not form known solvates; such as heptane, IPE, MTBE, or toluene; through short-term slurry conversions of Form I (where the crystallization kinetics delay the nucleation of the more stable form) or elevated temperature slurries (above 42° C.). A representative XRPD pattern of Form II was successfully indexed and the unit cell volume is consistent with anhydrous free base of Compound 1.

The ¹H NMR spectrum is consistent with the chemical structure of Compound 1. The chemical shift at approximately 2.5 ppm is assigned to DMSO (due to residual protons in the NMR solvent). Peaks that could be associated with residual solvents were not visible, consistent with the anhydrous unit cell volume determined from the indexing solution above and the negligible wt % loss observed by TGA discussed below.

Thermograms (TG) data show negligible weight loss, 0.1%, up to 100° C., consistent with an anhydrous form. The DSC exhibits a single endotherm (80.1 J/g) with an onset near 97° C.

Form II remained unchanged after 7 days at ambient storage, through reanalysis by XRPD. The form is known to be thermodynamically metastable, relative to Material N, at this condition; however, the kinetics of polymorph conversion may be slow at ambient conditions in the solid state.

Material N

Free Base Material N is an anhydrous phase of the free base. Material N is enantiotropically related to Form II, where it is the thermodynamically stable form below an estimated transition temperature of 42° C. Given the opportunity, Material N can be generated through slurries in solvents that do not form known solvates; such as heptane, IPE, MTBE, or toluene; at temperatures below 42° C. The following is an example of a laboratory scale procedure used to generate Free Base Material N.

-   -   53.0 mg of Free Base Form I was contacted with 2 ml of an         IPE/free base solution (concentration 13 mg/ml). A stir bar was         added and the sample was slurried for 7 days at ambient. The         solution was decanted from the sample and the remaining solids         briefly dried under nitrogen. Characterization Data indicates         Material N is a unique crystalline phase.

The ¹H NMR spectrum is consistent with the chemical structure of Compound 1. The chemical shift at approximately 2.5 ppm is assigned to DMSO (due to residual protons in the NMR solvent). Peaks that could be associated with residual solvents were not visible, consistent with the negligible wt % loss observed by TGA discussed below.

Thermograms (TG) data show negligible weight loss, 0.2%, up to 100° C., consistent with an anhydrous form. The DSC exhibits a single endotherm (82.8 J/g) with an onset at 94° C.

Tentative Determination of the Thermodynamic Relationship between Free Base Forms I, II, and Material N

Characterization data indicates that Forms I, II, and Material N are unique crystalline phases; however, only the XRPD patterns of Forms I and II were successfully indexed to confirm phase purity. Therefore, any proposed thermodynamic relationship between these materials is a working hypothesis, where the phase purity of Material N is assumed.

Phase transitions of solids can be thermodynamically reversible or irreversible. Crystalline forms which transform reversibly at a specific transition temperature (T_(p)) are called enantiotropic polymorphs. If the crystalline forms are not interconvertable under these conditions, the system is monotropic (one thermodynamically stable form). Several rules have been developed to predict the relative thermodynamic stability of polymorphs and whether the relationship between the polymorphs is enantiotropic or monotropic. The heat of fusion rule is applied within this study. The heat of fusion rule states that if the higher melting form has the lower heat of fusion then the two forms are enantiotropic, otherwise they are monotropic.

Material N appears to be most stable form, relative to Forms I and II, at room temperature. Based on the heats of fusion and melts determined by DSC, Material N is enantiotropic relative to Form II, and will transform reversibly at a specific transition temperature (T^(N-II)). Due to a possible phase change of Form I to Form II that occurred prior to the observed endotherm in the DSC, the relationship of Form I with either Material N or Form II cannot be conclusively determined through the heat of fusion rule. However, through various interconversion slurries, it was shown that Form I is the least thermodynamically stable form between 6° C. and T^(N-II). In addition, assuming that Form I spontaneously converted to Form II in the DSC at elevated temperatures (prior to the observed melt), it must follow that Form II is also more stable than Form I above T^(N-II).

Example 24: Estimated Transition Temperature

The estimated transition temperature between two enantiotropically related forms can be calculated from their melt onsets and heats of fusion based on the equation shown below.

$T_{p} = \frac{{\Delta H_{f,2}} - {\Delta H_{f,1}} + {\left( {C_{p,{liq}} - C_{p,1}} \right) \cdot \left( {T_{f,1} - T_{f,2}} \right)}}{\frac{\Delta H_{f,2}}{T_{f,2}} - \frac{\Delta H_{f,1}}{T_{f,1}} + {\left( {C_{p,{liq}} - C_{p,1}} \right) \cdot {\ln\left( \frac{T_{f,1}}{T_{f,2}} \right)}}}$ Where,

(C _(p.liq) −C _(p.1))=k·ΔH _(f.1) and k=0.005

Between Material N and Form II, the equation estimates a transition temperature of 42° C. To summarize, the relative stability of the forms from most to least stable is shown below.

Temperature Relative Range* Stability Comments Below 6° C. N > II Relationships to Form I are not established below this temp Between 6° C. and N > II > I — T^(N-II) Above T^(N-II) (II > N) and Relationship between Form I and (II > I) Material N is not established above this temp *T^(N-II) is estimated to be near 42° C.

Example 25: Energy-Temperature Diagram

The Energy-Temperature Diagram of FIG. 17 is a semi-quantitative graphical solution of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, where the enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) isobars for each form are depicted as a function of temperature.

Example 26: Competitive Interconversion Slurry Experiments

Interconversion experiments were performed to support the thermodynamic relationship between polymorphs illustrated by the Energy-Temperature Diagram above. Interconversion or competitive slurry experiments are a solution-mediated process that provides a pathway for the less soluble (more stable) crystal to grow at the expense of the more soluble crystal form. Outside the formation of a solvate or degradation, the resulting more stable polymorph from an interconversion experiment is contemplated to be independent of the solvent used because the more thermodynamically stable polymorph has a lower energy and therefore lower solubility. The choice of solvent affects the kinetics of polymorph conversion and not the thermodynamic relationship between polymorphic forms.

The results of the interconversion studies are consistent with the tentative Energy-Temperature Diagram shown herein. Binary slurries were prepared at ambient, 6, and 57° C. using Forms I and II. Form II resulted from the majority of these experiments, confirming that Form II is more stable relative to Form I within this temperature range.

A few of the experiments conducted at ambient and 6° C. resulted in Material N. Although this does not provide specific clarification between Forms I and II, it does provide evidence that Material N is the most stable form relative to both Forms I and II at these temperatures (which were conducted below the estimated transition temperature of 42° C.). Additional interconversion slurries between Form II and Material N were conducted at temperatures which bracket this estimated transition temperature and confirm that Form II and Material N are enantiotropically related.

Example 27: Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

¹³C and ¹⁵N spectra acquired for the three polymorphic forms I, II and Material N. See FIGS. 10 and 11 . Spectra were acquired at 253K to prevent any low temperature transitions occurring during measurement and acquisition parameters optimised for each polymorphic form.

Based on solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, all three forms are crystalline and are distinct polymorphic forms. Form I contains one molecule per asymmetric unit, Form II contains two molecules per asymmetric unit and Form N contains four molecules per asymmetric unit. See the ¹⁵N spectra in FIG. 11 .

Example 28: Chemical and Physical Stability Evaluation of the Free Base Form I of Compound 1

A mixture predominately composed of Free Base Form I (with Free Base Material D) were exposed to stability conditions to assess physical and chemical stability. Three conditions were used; open to 25° C./60% RH, open to 40° C./75% RH, and closed to 60° C. Physical stability was evaluated by XRPD. Chemical stability was determined through UPLC and ¹H NMR, when applicable. Materials were tested after 1, 7, and 14 days of exposure.

Chemical Stability of Free Base Form I

For the free base stability sample, UPLC showed very low levels of impurities present. The level of impurities did not rise significantly after 14 days of age. This would seem to indicate good chemical stability against the conditions used for stability assessment. The ¹H NMR spectra of samples exposed to 60° C. (14 days) were also consistent with this conclusion.

Physical Stability of Free Base Form I

The free base of Compound 1 remained unchanged, by XRPD, at 25° C./60% RH. However, differences were observed at the other two conditions. The few, minor peaks attributed to Free Base Material D were no longer observed, indicating that Material D is metastable and is not sustained at elevated temperatures. In addition, Free Base Form II was observed after 7 days of age. This is consistent with the conclusions discussed herein, where Free Base Form II is more stable relative to Free Base Form I at these temperatures.

Example 29: Physical Stability Evaluation of the Free Base Form II and Material N (Form N) of Compound 1

DSC was modulated at low underlying heating rate, followed by X-ray powder diffraction. A low underlying heating rate was used of of 0.02° C. min⁻¹. The temperature was 80° C. for form N and 90° C. for form II. Exposure was essentially isothermal, covering a temperature range with sensitivity to detect changes in physical form. The resultant materials were examined by X-ray powder diffraction. No changes in physical form were observed for either polymorphic form II or polymorphic form N (i.e., material N).

Forms II and N were exposed to 40° C./75% relative humidity (RH), 80° C., 80° C./80% RH for 9 days followed by X-ray powder diffraction. No changes in physical form were observed for either polymorphic form II or polymorphic form N.

The thermodynamic barrier for inter-conversion between polymorphic form II and form N is high, and physical stability is good for both forms. Thermally induced inter-conversion between form II and form N is unlikely to occur.

Example 30: The Relative Thermodynamic Stability of Polymorphic Forms II and N

Extended solvent mediated maturation studies were conducted with 1:1 w/w mixtures of polymorphic form II and form N. Hexane provided a good medium for solvent assessments. The temperatures used include −20° C., −10° C., 0° C., 10° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C. and 50° C. Significantly increased solubility was observed at 30° C., 40° C. and 50° C. Solids derived from maturation at −20° C., −10° C., 0° C., 10° C., 20° C. were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction. In each case, significant conversion to Form N was observed.

Form N is thermodynamically more stable than form II at temperatures of 20° C. and lower. An enantiotropic relationship between the two forms is likely to exhibit equivalence in thermodynamic stability at ca. 30-40° C.

Example 31: Morphology of Form N

Initial examination of a batch of polymorphic form N indicates an acicular morphology.

While this invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments and examples, it will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art, having regard to that skill and this disclosure, that equivalents of the specifically disclosed materials and methods will also be applicable to this invention; and such equivalents are intended to be included within the following claims. 

1. A crystalline ansolvate of Compound 1:


2. The crystalline ansolvate of claim 1, which is substantially free of a solvated polymorph of Compound
 1. 3. A composition comprising the crystalline ansolvate of claim
 1. 4. The crystalline ansolvate of claim 1, wherein the crystalline ansolvate comprises one or more of Form I, Form II or Material N, wherein Form I is characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 12.82°, 15.74°, 16.03°, 16.63°, 17.60°, 25.14°, 25.82° and 26.44° (each ±0.2°2θ); Form II is characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 13.37°, 14.37°, 19.95° and 23.92°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ); and Material N is characterized by at least one X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 11.65°, 11.85°, 12.08°, 16.70°, 19.65° and 23.48°2θ (each ±0.2°2θ).
 5. The crystalline ansolvate of claim 4, wherein the crystalline ansolvate comprises Form II.
 6. The crystalline ansolvate of claim 4, wherein the crystalline ansolvate comprises Material N.
 7. A method of preparing a crystalline ansolvate of claim 1 comprising slurrying a salt of Compound 1 in a solvent and disproportionating the Compound 1 salt to form the crystalline ansolvate.
 8. A method for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline ansolvate of claim
 1. 9. A method for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim
 3. 10. A method for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline ansolvate of claim
 1. 11. A method for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim
 3. 12. A crystalline solvate of Compound 1:


13. The crystalline solvate of claim 12, which is substantially free of an ansolvated polymorph of Compound
 1. 13. A composition comprising the crystalline solvate of claim
 12. 15. The crystalline solvate of claim 12, comprising one or more of Material E, Material F, Material G, Material H, Material J, Material K, Material L, Material M, Material O or Material P.
 16. The crystalline solvate of claim 15, wherein: Material E is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.69, 11.73, 12.10, 15.26, 16.11, 17.45, 22.39, 22.55 and 23.70±0.20; Material F is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.47, 8.81, 12.75, 13.17, 14.92, 15.63, 17.01 23.73, and 24.07±0.20; Material G is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.47, 11.45, 12.62, 14.66, 15.69, 17.01, 18.47, 20.32, 22.61, 23.08, 23.43 and 23.70±0.20; Material H is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.61, 11.67, 15.33, 16.28, 17.28, 22.58, 23.51 and 25.77±0.20; Material J is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.52, 8.88, 12.79, 15.04, 15.61, 17.11, 22.81, 23.87, 24.17, 24.62 and 26.44±0.20; Material K is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.52; 8.83, 11.35, 15.04, 15.74, 17.11, 23.46, 23.58, 24.08 and 25.99±0.20; Material L is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 8.61, 8.78, 11.67, 14.94, 15.28, 16.14, 17.30, 22.75, 23.71 and 26.05±0.20; and Material M is characterized by at least one, two, or three X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Kα radiation) selected from 7.74, 10.05, 12.82, 15.33, 16.80, 20.82, 21.14, 25.80 and 26.97±0.20.
 17. A method of preparing a crystalline solvate of claim 12 comprising contacting a free base ansolvate of Compound 1 with a solvent.
 18. A method for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline solvate of claim
 12. 19. A method for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline solvate of claim
 12. 20. A composition comprising the crystalline solvate of claim
 13. 